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Nature deficit disorder refers to the phrase coined by Richard Louv in his 2005 book ''Last Child in the Woods'' 〔Marilyn Gardner, "(For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside )", ''Christian Science Monitor'', June 29, 2006〕 that human beings, especially children, are spending less time outdoors 〔Diane Swanbrow "(U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics )", ''The University Record Online'', The University of Michigan.〕 resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.〔(10 Reasons Kids Need Fresh Air ) by Kevin Coyle, National Wildlife Magazine〕〔Tammie Burak, "(Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? Getting up close with nature opens a child's eyes to the wonders of the world, with a bounty of health benefits )", ''Canadian Living''.〕 This disorder is not recognized in any of the medical manuals for mental disorders, such as the ICD-10〔http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm〕 or the DSM-5.〔http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx〕 Evidence was compiled and reviewed in 2009.〔http://www.childrenandnature.org/downloads/CNNEvidenceoftheDeficit.pdf〕 Richard Louv has stated "nature-deficit disorder is not meant to be a medical diagnosis but rather to serve as a description of the human costs of alienation from the natural world." Louv claims that causes for the phenomenon include parental fears, restricted access to natural areas, and the lure of the screen. Recent research has drawn a further contrast between the declining number of National Park visits in the United States and increasing consumption of electronic media by children. The phrase has been criticized as a misdiagnosis that obscures and mistreats the root problems of how and why children do not spend enough time outdoors and in nature.〔Elizabeth Dickinson: (The Misdiagnosis: Rethinking "Nature-deficit Disorder" ) 2013 DOI:10.1080/17524032.2013.802704〕 ==Research== Richard Louv spent ten years traveling around the USA reporting and speaking to parents and children, in both rural and urban areas, about their experiences in nature. He argues that sensationalist media coverage and paranoid parents have literally "scared children straight out of the woods and fields", while promoting a litigious culture of fear that favors "safe" regimented sports over imaginative play. In recognising these trends, some people argue that humans have an instinctive liking for nature—the ''biophilia hypothesis''—and take steps to spend more time outdoors, for example in outdoor education, or by sending young children to forest kindergartens or forest schools. It is perhaps a coincidence that slow parenting advocates send children into natural environments rather than keeping them indoors, as part of a hands-off approach. Studies by other researchers throughout the world suggest physical activity and exposure to nature are important to good health,〔Pretty, J., Angus, C., Bain, M., Barton, J., Gladwell, V., Hine, R., et al. (2009) . Pretty, J., Angus, C., Bain, M., Barton, J., Gladwell, V., Hine, R., et al. (2009).Nature, childhood, health and life pathways: University of Essex.〕〔Kuo, F. E. (2010). Parks and other green environments: essential components of a healthy human habitat: National Recreation and Park Association.〕 report positive impacts upon mental health and wellbeing associated with natural environments,〔Townsend, M., & Weerasuriya, R. (2010). Beyond blue to green: The benefits of contact with nature for mental health and well-being. Melbourne, Australia.〕 and can reduce sadness and negative emotions.〔Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 456〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nature deficit disorder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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